Research Paper for Birth Registration free essay sample

Registration of a birth is the first legitimate account of a child in the society. It is the official and legal acknowledgement of the birth’s existence in the society and the population at large of the nation. It is giving proper and equal social rights to the child/individual when the birth is registered. (Arun Serrao and Sujatha B. R,2004)In this research paper it states that Birth Registration is the official recording of the birth of a child by some administrative body of the government. It is a permanent and official record of a child’s birth. Any birth that is not registered deprives the child/individual from his human rights in the society. Birth registration is a fundamental human right that is specified in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). All Birth have the right to a name, identity and nationality, and birth registration is a first and significant step in upholding these rights(UNICEF, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper for Birth Registration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Birth registration is the State’s first official acknowledgement of the child’s existence and is the means to secure other child rights such as access to health care and education services. In addition, birth registration protects children from exploitation because it enables the use of legalities of age standards for children and adults, age limits for employment, marriage, recruitment for armed forces and criminal responsibility. It enables the legal rights of the child/individual in a society. A Birth Certificate is the official document produced upon accounting and legalizing the existence of a Birth. With the birth certificate, information of the child such as age, parents of the child, and to what nationality the child belongs to can be verified. Birth Registeration in Bangladesh)In this research study, it stats that Birth registration is essential for national planning and monitoring because it enables the collection of the basic demographic data required to create effective strategies for health planning, health budgets plan, health determinants, population planning, census outcomes, education, law, and socio-economy in a nation. In another research study, Mariana Murri 2010) it stated that Birth Registration is national policies and legislation in the sense that it establishes minimum ages for work, military conscription and marriage. Without Birth Certificates, children will be denied of receiving equal services and protection with children who have been registered and have Birth Certificates. (UNICEF, a statistical analysis of Birth Registration 2005) emphasized on the completeness birth registrations in which it enables the production of demographic data from which will allow a country to keep track of its own population statistics, trends and differentials. When disaggregated, the data can be used to identify the geographic, social, economic and gender disparities within national boundaries. The use of this data can lead to more accurate planning and implementation of development policies and programmes, particularly in health, education, housing, water and sanitation, employment, agriculture and industrial production. Background Information The Background data about the country. Yap State is located in the Western Caroline Island in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is one of the four states of (FSM)the Federated States of Micronesia with a total population of 12,000. FSM national census annual report 2010) Yap State consists of 7 main Municipalities (Gagil-Tomil-Rull-Maap-Fanif-Gilman-Dalipebinaw ) one Island(Rumung)which is part of the main island and about 85 villages within those municipalities of Yap. Additionally, Yap State consists of 19 other inhabited outer-low lying corals atolls and islands. They are stretched out more than 100,000 square miles away from the main island and known as the Outer islands of Yap. Yap Main Island and Outer islands of Yap. The health status of the population and health service data related to the problem that is to be studied. . State of the Problem Birth Registration in Yap Registration of Births in Yap has been a challenge within the Ministry of Health and the state’s statistics office that reports annual country census. Unlike most countries where the civil registration office is an office of its own, Yap Ministry of Health is responsible for registering birth and death under a Public Health program known as (MCH) Mother Child Health. This program collects, tracks, and analyze all birth and death data and is also responsible for producing birth and death reports. Program responsible for Birth and Death Registry Village Community Health Center site1 Village Community Health Center site2 Village Community Health Center site3 The Birth registry system was developed and implemented in Yap back in the late 90’s as a log book for logging birth later on transitioned into an excel spreadsheet. Yap Registry before migrating into Microsoft access database. (1999) In 2004, As part of the FSM national government strategic action plan on improving health data management and reporting they implemented a standardized Health Information System (HIS) across the four states of FSM. This initiative included the reform of the birth registry which was migrated into an electronic birth registration access based database system to collect ,track and print Birth Certificates from the states. However, almost 20% of 500 live births every year remains unregistered in Yap State. In 1995, WHO Western Pacific country profile reports showed an 85% unregistered births for the whole FSM with a total population of 107,000. Recent reports showed that there is still a high number of un-registered birth and inconsistency of birth registration numbers continues to be a factor in Birth Registration every year. In a Recent report by Statistics office, it showed that almost 10% of births every year goes un-registered for the past 5 years and a high number of late /delayed birth certificates has been seen at the hospital . At least 15% of these delayed certificates remained incomplete certificate forms filled at the hospital. According to the FSM yearly health indicator report, Birth Registration coverage is still showing inconsistent number of coverage improvement throughout the past 5 years. The graph below is based on the current stats at the Yap State Hospital for the last past 5 years.

Challenges of Millenial Generation

Challenges of Millenial Generation Introduction In an organization, employees experience a number of challenges that relate to their level of motivation and performance. These challenges include poor working relationships between junior and senior staff, deprived working conditions, meager salaries and wages, as well as different needs of employees. These challenges results in poor performance as employees fail to meet the set targets and expectations of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Millenial Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lawler (1999) argues that, when employees fail to meet organizational expectations, it implies that there is a significant reduction in productivity, which is likely to cripple its activities and processes. To prevent impending crises, an organization have to spend most of its time resolving issues of employees in aspects such as time management, underperformance, cooperation, and stri kes instead of using the invaluable time in enhancing organizational productivity of employees. Hence, the purpose of this essay is to examine the effect of generational conflicts and motivation levels among junior and senior sailors in the navy. Generational Conflicts In the naval organization, managers are experiencing challenges in addressing generational differences among employees. The challenges emerge because managers have not understood diverse needs of young and old sailors. For instance, many young sailors like technology, teamwork, immediate feedbacks, and are competitive, whereas old workers like standard and routine methods of operations. The major challenge facing the organization is the friction created by the different perspectives and points of view due to diversity of generational demographics (Lindner, 1998). Since the organization is unable to address the requirements of the new generation effectively, it has continued with its conventional methods of operations and management; hence, demoralize the young workers and make them lose the zeal in their work. Additionally, many young workers are reluctant to participate in the organization’s operations because they perceive them as outdated. The organization has not effectively recognized the generational differences that exist among sailors. Therefore, the organization has not mentored young sailors well as a way of incorporating them into the organization to inject fresh ideas and opinions. Incorporation of new ideas and opinions from young sailors would enhance the organization to promote the level of motivation, and thus, boost the productivity of young sailors.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, old sailors are not prepared to adopt fresh ideas from young sailors because they believe that they do not have any relevant experience. The unwillingness of old sail ors to listen to new and fresh ideas from young sailors has made young sailors feel inferior, as they believe that the old sailors undermine them. Podmoroff (2005 recommends organizations to accommodate the needs of employees according to their demographics. Failure to accommodate the needs of a certain set of employees such as the millennial generation constitutes discrimination and marginalization. An organization must know that many young workers still need to further their studies and spend time with their families; hence, the organization should give them flexible working schedules. Motivation of Employees In the workplace, many employees are not performing optimally because they are not motivated. According to Muller (2011), motivation is an indispensable factor in management because it enhances the performance of employees. As naval organization employs ineffective management practices, it cannot achieve employee motivation. Additionally the organization has not employed effe ctive management strategies that cover aspects such as fair treatment of employees, empowerment, appraisals, creation of flexible working environment, and recognition of employees who perform well. The absence of these motivational strategies demoralize employees because they do not have a career plan that defines their job descriptions and job specifications as they progress in their job positions (Jami Clerkin, 2013). The organization also does not empower sailors to improve their commitment in workplace. Furthermore, the organization does not give employees the power, independence, trust, and encouragement for them to perform their duties well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Millenial Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization has not created room for the views and opinions of all the workers especially the young and new sailors. Consequently, the fact that then management does n ot give room for young sailors to present their opinions and suggestions make the organization to be insensitive to the requirements of young sailors, and thus do not create a feeling of self-worth and acceptance among young sailors. Consequently, the young sailors experience a sense of marginalization. Furthermore, the organization has not created institutions that the management uses in communicating effectively with all sailors irrespective of their ages, ranks, or levels of experience. According to Ryan (2012), institutions are necessary because they create a formal way of communicating among employees in an effective manner. The organization has applied comprehensive methods of communication and failed to understand that the young generation prefers individualized forms of communication, as opposed to the use of memos and notices. These practices of the organization create a feeling of disrespect among young sailors that demoralize them, and kill their drive to perform optimall y. Management of the Problem To solve these challenges caused by the age difference and lack of motivation, the organization must engage a number of strategies geared towards creating fairness in the way the management treats and handles its workers. The organization should give all the workers a platform to present their views and ideas without using the age, job position, or level of experience in gauging their contributions (Crouse, 2005). Out of this process, the management will get to understand the requirements of all the workers and know how to manage young and old sailors in line with their needs. Furthermore, the management must create communication systems that are efficient to facilitate passage of information from one point to another in a fast and efficient manner (Partridge, 1995). Effective communication enables young and old sailors to present their views easily and quickly. In addition, the management should address suggestions of both old and young sailors in a fai r manner without undue discrimination and provide feedback in time. It is fundamental for the naval organization to understand that sailors needs and expectations differ across sailors. This is due to the difference in age, reasoning capacities, and personalities. Martins (2001) asserts that major conflicts that relate to motivation touch on matters such as working environment, working hours, salaries and wages, and the level of respect and acceptance from the organization.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, to motivate sailors effectively and get the best out of them, the management must ensure that workers have a good working environment, flexible working hours, good salaries, and wages. Moreover, the organization should treat sailors with equity, respect, and fairness. The organization should also be ready to listen and employ new ideas from young and old sailors. Reyes (2011) contends that when an organization listens and employs suggestions of employees, it creates a feeling of respect, self-worth, and acceptance, which motivates employees to optimize their performance. Likewise, the organization needs to listen to sailors and apply their ideas and opinion as a way of encouraging them to work hard and even source ideas from other areas, thus enhancing their productivity. The organization must also engage their sailors in regular training programs so that they can create a level of equity among young and old sailors. Good working relationships and respect of every sailor regardless of age and experience is a factor that the organization must observe at all times so that it can increase motivation and performance of sailors. Conclusion The difference in views and opinions of workers occurs in many organizations. In addition, lack of motivation among employees is common in a number of organizations. In the naval organization, old and senior employees look down upon the young sailors, which make them feel inferior and marginalized, and consequently cause generational conflicts. However, management of the naval organization must institute policies and measures that minimize or prevent generational conflicts and increase motivation of employees as well as the drive to work. The naval organization should also enhance teamwork and good relationships amongst its employees. It must encourage all workers to adopt and apply values such as love, respect, responsibility, commitment, and fairness. Regular training of workers will equip them with relevant skills t hat are essential in the use modern technologies that are in line with the requirements of the young generation, and thus increase the level of motivation in the young generation and improve their productivity. The management of the naval organization can also include workers’ representatives during formulation and implementation of policies regarding work schedules and timetables. The inclusion creates a sense of belonging among workers; hence, promote their morale to work optimally for the organization. References Crouse, N. (2005). Importance of Motivation. London: oxford university press. Jami, K., Clerkin, R. (2013). An Exploratory Study of Public Service Motivation and the Institutional. Journal of Motivation, 39(2) 23-30. Lawler, E. (1999). Effects of Task on Job Attitudes and Behaviour. Journal of Personnel  Psychology, 22(4), 426-435. Lindner, J. (1998). Understanding Employee Motivation. New York: Ohio State University. Martins, J. (2001). A 21st Century Navy Vis ion: Motivating Sailors to Achieve Optimum  Warfighting Readiness. Newport: Naval War College. Muller C. (2011). Employee Motivation and Incentives, New York: University of Surrey. Partridge, L. (1995). Motivation and Development. New York: Macmillan publishers. Podmoroff, D. (2005). Strategies of Employee Motivation. New York: Atlantic Publishing Company. Reyes, M. (2011). Employee Motivation. London: Verlag University Press. Ryan, R. (2012). Oxford handbook of human motivation. New York: Oxford University Press.

A Comparison of Themes in The Matrix and Allegory of the Cave

A Comparison of Themes in The Matrix and Allegory of the Cave One of the major themes that is noticeable in the Matrix is â€Å"being as such†. When considering the Matrix, Neo lives in complete delusion, a prisoner of artificial intelligence with no real control or perception of reality. He believes he is living in the city, enjoying hot weather when in reality his brain is in a body being tracked and controlled by machines thousands of years later than the time he thinks he exists. The plotline can be directly referenced to the old philosophical argument â€Å"Brain in a vat†. This argument simply asserts that if scientists were to insert a brain into a jar, and add stimulating chemicals that cause the brain to function as normal, the brain and its thoughts would exist and flourish as if it were in a body. The brain could have experiences, relationships, and form normal the normal scenarios of living in a body which ignites the question: What is reality? The brain will be the brain (being as such), it is not more complex than simply â€Å"being†. I relate this concept to the phrase â€Å"believing is not seeing â€Å" as what we percieve and believe is all that exists is not always the true reality of what actually exists. In Plato’s Allegory of the cave, this concept is addressed in a unique manner. The men that have been imprisoned in the cave do not know of the world outside of the cave. They know that they exist, and they can see only what is infront of them. As â€Å"shadows† pass by them in their travels from behind as well as infront of them they hear their voices yet they cannot differentiate or even understand that the voices are actually coming from behind them as well, rather than just the figures that are visible. They are not able to imagine or aknowledge what they do not knows exist as they are conditioned to focus on the present: â€Å"And suppose their prison had an echo from the wall facing them? When one of the people crossing behind them spoke, they could only suppose that the sound came from the shadow passing before their eyes. No doubt† (Plato 9) He also mentions the fire that burns behind them, which emits the light that the prisoners are naturally conditioned to. They have not seen brighter light before, and dont even consider its existence. It would difficult to aknowledge that their perception was so blurred to the actual reality of life if someone were to tell them. Plato proves this when he mentions that if the prisoners were to be unchained and forced to turn around and experience the intensity of the true light of the fire, it would cause them pain and perplexion and dilute their understanding of what is real; although it is right infront of their eyes: â€Å"He would need, then, to grow accustomed before he could see things in that upper world† (Plato). The prisoner is more inclined to return to the way he faced before as what is natural easier to distinguish for him. Another metaphysical theme in both the Matrix and in Plato’s Allegory of the Cave is wisdom. Wisdom is built through knowledge and experience. I remember that I am here not because of the path that lies before me but because of the path that lies behind me†(Morpheus in The Matrix Reloaded) When Neo sees the world for the first time in the Matrix, it is difficult for him to believe as well as percieve. Everything that he thought was reality was no longer relevant to actuality. He uses his own experience and the knowledge he gained from it to wake up the rest of humanity from the dream they are percieving as their reality. This theme in the matrix forms a direct analogy to the wisdom displayed in Platos allegory of the Cave when the prisoner is released from the cave and is blinded by the sun upon leaving. The light is so much stronger and larger than the only light that he ever knew to exist that his eyes physically could not handle it, causing him to be temorarily blinded. He must adjust and experience the light in order to observe the rest of the world that it illimunates. Once his eyes adjust, he immediately wants to return to the cave to tell the others about reality just as Neo did in the Matrix. Overall, comparing both of these storires sheds a brilliant light upon what is reality and really influences me to stay â€Å"present†. What struck me the most is the â€Å"Brain in a Vat† concept in the matrix as well as in Platos Allegory of the Cave. Much exists beyond what we can see as well as imagine, and to understand what exists beyond we must develop wisdom using our experience as well as our intelligence.

The Reality of Work Cultures in the Modern Economy Essay - 1

The Reality of Work Cultures in the Modern Economy - Essay Example Protestant work ethic and its impact upon the lives and attitudes to work of employees Sennett refers in his book to the Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism as to an important illustration of two contrary ethical standards: self-fashioning and self-discipline (1998, 102). Based on this book, the Protestant work ethic implies that employees should not harry with their desire for self-fulfillment and gratification, rather, they should delay this desire to the end. According to the Protestant concept which is based on the religious pillars, people should have practiced self-denial in the present and sacrifice themselves every day thus proving their worthiness in the sight of God (Sennett 1998, 103). This ideology has been transformed into the â€Å"worldly asceticism† and in the workplaces people were focused on saving instead of spending, pursuing the long-term result and achievements (Sennett 1998, 103). Discipline as an act of self-punishment also was an integral element of the Protestant’s work ethic. The Protestant emplo yee was taking fully a responsibility for his/her lived time and judged morally based on this key criterion. Based on this concept every individual was morally responsible for the time and quality of work he/she performed during the working hours as well as for time he/she spent out of work: at home, with family and children, sleeping, having a rest, etc.

Contemporary issues in business (DEBENHAMS) Essay

Contemporary issues in business (DEBENHAMS) - Essay Example According to the company reports, it has acquired enhanced market share pertaining to women’s wear along with men’s wear, whereas in relation to children’s wear it has acquired considerably less amount of market share as it stood at the tenth position. The company since 20 years as an open system is investing in British design pertaining to its exclusive designers. In the year 2012, the company had been awarded ‘Multichannel Retail’ award (Debenhams Retail plc, 2001). This report intends to discuss the external drivers of change that lays a greater impact on the company’s operations. Moreover, the probable negative forces to change will also be recognised in the report in keeping with Debenhams present operational environment. 2.0 Today’s Drivers of Change: PESTEL Analysis of Debenhams Retail sector frames an important part of the United Kingdom’s economy. Drivers of change are applied to derive information regarding the companyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s operational activities. These factors remain external but create a major impact on the organisational operations. This segment of the study will focus on the drivers that foster changes within the retail sector of the UK. Moreover, the implications of these drivers result in internal change within Debenhams as well. The demographic scenarios, the influence of globalisation of the current UK industrial sector and the advanced technical changes have laid a major influence on the retail industry as well. 2.1 Political In order to ensure a competitive analysis of Debenhams within the UK, it is necessary to assess the environment within which the company is presently operating. It has been observed that the retailers are greatly affected by one of the decisive drivers of change i.e. the political structure along with trends in numerous ways. The political influence is essentially created on the retail sector by the power exerted by the politicians pertaining to locations. In the UK, these politicians exert power by on the basis of the ‘land-use planning system’. In this context, the mentioned particular system is primarily about the planning developed by the local authorities. In keeping with these particular activities, government has power to intervene in order to provide direction and guidance regarding the development and opportunities along with proposals (IMI, 2010). Moreover, it has been assumed that regulations prevailing within the UK industrial sector focus mainly on training. In this regard, training expenses act as a driving force within the UK retail sector. Therefore, Debenhams needs to comply with training requirements and regulations to operate within the UK sector. In terms of regulations and governmental impact, it can be noted that in the UK, there are certain national policies being framed on skills and education. These particular national policies lay a major impact on the sector related to skills demand along with supply. Availability of

Scientific Methods Essay Example for Free

Scientific Methods Essay Ruben wants to determine if listening to different types of music will have an effect on a person’s pulse. His hypothesis states that if a person listens to rap music, their pulse will increase more than if they listen to other types of music. Ruben takes each participant’s pulse before, during, and after listening to 30 minutes of music. He has his mother listen to rock music, his sister listen to classical music, and his friend listen to rap music. From the data collected, he determined that rap music raises a person’s pulse the most. 1.Identify the independent and dependent variables in Ruben’s hypothesis. The independent variable is listening to music for 30 minutes. The dependent variable is the persons pulse and the type of music their listening to. 2.Despite the results, this experiment is not able to support Ruben’s hypothesis. Suggest specific improvements that will make the experiment test the given hypothesis. Explain why these changes are improvements. Improvements that will make the experiment test the given hypothesis is that he should have had each person listen to each type of music because their pulses wouldve been different. Part 2 One scenario that could occur in life that you can use scientific method to solve the problem is if plants could grow taller when given Miracle Grow. The first step in the scientific method is the purpose. In this case the purpose for our experiment is to see if Miracle Grow can help plants grow taller. Second step is to find research on what other scientist have observed and discovered. Most scientist have said that using Miracle grow can help the plant grow taller. My hypothesis is that plants will grow taller when given Miracle Grow. Now testing hypothesis ..(experiment) The constants in this study were: †¢The type of plant. †¢The amount of water. †¢How often watered. †¢The environment grown in (light, temperature, wind, etc.). †¢The amount of fertilizer. †¢The size of holding cell. †¢The number of seeds in holding cell. The manipulated variable was the brand of fertilizer. The responding variable was the height of the plant. To measure the responding variable using a ruler. The analysis from the data read that using miracle grow does help the plant grow taller. My conclusion: My hypothesis was that Miracle Grow would help the plant grow taller. The results indicated that using miracle grow helps plants grow.

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

Communism is the belief that everyone in a society should be equal and share their wealth. It is an outgrowth of socialism and Anabaptism (Laski 45). It became a firmly rooted term after the Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the words of Karl Marx, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 1. These theories were spread by Karl Marx. He believed that what a person made of himself reflected his effort (McLellan 1). He also believed that communism, or the state of equality was ones "final stage in life" (Leone 1). Communism basically started in 1847, with the formation of the London Communist League. This was an international association of worker, whose sole purpose was to write a "theoretical and practical program which would serve as the basis for uniting the working classes of Europe" (Leone 1). The London Communist League asked Marx for help in drafting a document to represent their standings. He composed the "Communist Manifesto" or "The Manifesto of the Communist Party" (Leone 1). The Russian Revolution helped foster communism. The Russian Revolution started with the with the assassination of Rasputin. In March of 1917, the Duma declares a prvisional government, including czars. During this period, there were also massive strikes by the workers. It was furthered by the abdication of Czar Nicholas. The Russian Revolution itself occured throughout 1917, with the start of the March Revolution. In April of 1917, Lenin return from exil in Switerland and denounced the established provisional government. The next general step was the gaining of the seats in the Petograd Soviet Parliment by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks picked Lenin to then head the government, just several days after the November Revolution. During this revolution the peasants storm the palace, taking total control of the government. At this point, the power was given to Lenin. Almost immediatly he issued the New Economic Plan, which instituted the one party system or communism. They basicaly supported the basic communist theories of Karl Marx, as interpreted by Lenin. He installed many of his beliefs and helped reorganize the people, and essentially emmancipatte the working class. He also is credited with the creation of the S... .... The economic state of China made it much more profitable for a peasant to work for the warlord that form the land (Shanor 95). Because of the poor conditions, small Communist groups began to form in China's cities. At first, they were allies with Sun Yat-Sen and his Nationalists. But the good feelings between the two parties deteriorated quickly after Chiang Kai-Shek, Sun's successor, ordered the Shanghai Massacre of the Communists. Chiang spent the following years alternating between negotiating with and fighting against the Communists. The situation became so drastic that the Communists eventually fled during the Long March of 1934-35 (Shanor 95). The United States, who was very Anti-Communist after WWII, supported Chiang Kai-Shek. Over a period of four years, the US gave $2.5 billion to support the Nationalist cause. Despite their efforts, the Communists eventually overthrew the Nationalist government, forcing Chiang and followers to flee to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communists, proclaimed the country as the People's Republic of China (Shanor 96). 1 Industrial Workers of the World www.iww.org

The Repercussions of a Universal Health Program in the United States

The implementation of a universal health program in the U. S. is one of the many plans presented by President Barack Obama during his campaign several months ago. (AP, 2007) Now that Obama is the president, we might be expecting this particular response to problems in health care that have been a burden to many Americans in the past years. However, will a nationalized, universal health program resolve the various issues that have been plaguing health care over the years?Reviewing the possible upshots or consequences of this program would serve as rejoinders to this question. A nationalized, universal health program is a seeming response to the problem of limited healthcare coverage in the country although compared with other nations; the U. S. spends large amounts of money for this particular service. (AP, 2007) In general, a universal health program will provide all citizens of the U. S. ith health insurances regardless of the guidelines previously set as qualifications for individu als who are allowed to access healthcare insurance and services.Other issues addressed by a universal health programs is the high cost of healthcare services and medicine, the involvement of private insurance companies in providing healthcare insurance to all, and the prevention of medical errors. (â€Å"Healthcare,† N. D. ) The positive effects of a universal health program constitute healthcare access to all the citizens of the U.S. , whether they are employed or unemployed, obtaining extreme salary ranges or household incomes, and such. However, the program might not gain support from the private sector, particularly insurance providers and employers, as well as other people who do not wish to experience high taxes. Insurance providers will be out of business and the people will be expecting tax increases to provide for healthcare resources.Medical health professionals and healthcare workers might suffer from the increase in number of people who require health care service s, leading to the need of expanding the country’s healthcare workforce, and consequentially, resources to fund the expanded workforce. In addition, the quality of healthcare might not undergo improvements or developments due to limited funding, since majority of healthcare resources are allocated to providing healthcare insurance to all.Overall, although the universal health program is an excellent way for the government to address the needs of its people, there are various issues and challenges that must be resolved to ensure the smooth facilitation and implementation of the program. The government should look for ways to arrive at a consensus with private insurance providers, encourage citizens to establish careers in healthcare, and to assure the citizens that tax raises will be able to resolve the issues of limited access to healthcare in the country affecting the health and welfare of the people.

The Rights of Women in Saudi Arabia

â€Å"Women’s rights are human rights† is an important message which Plan Canada’s â€Å"Because I am a Girl† campaign has adopted. The rights of women around the world have an effect on everybody in the world, including males. According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2009 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ranked 130th out of 134 countries on the Global Gender Gap Index in 2009 (Hausmann, Tyson, & Zahidi, 2009). In Saudi Arabia, women are often suppressed in society and are noted as having the rights of minors.Saudi women are subject to unjust laws, sexist family code, and tainted education systems. This systemic inequality towards women must change. Many of the so-called laws in Saudi Arabia are in fact not written laws. Often individual judges use their own discretion when punishing people for their crimes as based upon Sharia. Sharia is defined by Oxford dictionary as â€Å"Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for law breaking.†This can often lead to rulings that follow archaic religious rituals; although it should be noted that Sharia in itself is not sexist, but rather common Saudi Arabian cultural interpretation is sexist. Women are often subject to punishment for acts that are often not thought of as crimes in the Western world. A particularly disturbing case of this was in 2007 when a Saudi court issued a preposterous sentence to a gang-rape victim. The girl had gotten into a car with a boy she knew from her school because he had a picture of her.His having the picture of her was taboo as she was soon to marry another man. Both the boy and girl who were in the car were kidnapped and all involved were punished. The female victim was sentenced to 90 lashings for having had contact with men who were not relatives of hers. Her sentence was later upped to 200 lashes and six months in jail because her defense lawyer had begged for compassion (Vankin, 2013). Having women who have been raped receiving lashings because they dared enter a car with a man is a despicable reason to punish someone.At this point in Saudi Arabia there is also a driving ban in effect for women. Though it is not technically illegal, Saudi Arabia refuses to issue licenses to women and by law drivers must have a license (Jabeena, 2012). Though women have protested by driving, the ban remains in place and women do get punished for driving. This is a blatant denial of a path to independence for women. Although laws in Saudi Arabia are not always written laws, harsh punishment (especially towards women) often occurs and is tainted due to the variation of interpretation of the law by judges.Females in Saudi are also required to have a male guardian at all ages. This male guardian can be a father, husband, brother, and even grandson based on the woman’s specific circumstances. Thes e male guardians may be responsible for giving women permission to marry, divorce, travel, undergo certain surgeries, seek employment, and many other major decisions or matters in the woman’s life (Human Rights Watch, 2008). This treatment seems demeaning and acts as a way to keep women overpowered in the country. There are activists whom are very much against the guardianship custom.In particular one Saudi widow, Wajeha Al-Huwaider stated that it was absurd because â€Å"If I wanted to get married, I would have to get the permission of my son. † She is 45 and her son is 17. Should a 17 year old boy really not only be able to, rather encouraged or enforced to make a life-altering decision for a 45 year old woman? Though some activists have tried to abolish this way of living, all attempts have failed thus far. The ideas that many Saudi Arabian conservatives hold of how women should be treated and viewed under the law are nothing short of severely outdated.The necessary male guardian is a tool of mass suppression that provides no benefit to the women of the Kingdom. These ideas tie in closely to the family code that is expected to be upheld in Saudi society. Saudi Arabian views on women’s rights are widely based on traditional culture. Even though forced marriages are now illegal in Saudi Arabia, the marriage contract is strictly between the groom and the bride’s male guardian (Social Institutions & Gender Index, 2011). This implies that even though a woman cannot legally be forced to marry a certain man, the man she marries must have the approval of her male guardian.Saudi family law also makes it very hard for women to obtain a divorce; they must provide a good circumstance and evidence to support it whereas men are able to obtain a divorce without question (Social Institutions & Gender Index, 2011). This makes it inherently difficult for a woman to leave a relationship, even if it is abusive or otherwise harmful to her. Traditiona l Saudi Arabian cultural practices remain in practice, despite the fact that they are wildly inappropriate for the times.Though literacy rates of Saudi Arabian females are seemingly quite advanced at 82.2%, which is close to the 90. 8% literacy rate of males (CIA Factbook, 2011), the quality of female education is lower than that of males. Schools, from primary to post-secondary education are segregated by sex. This segregation allows for different curricula to be used and for women to learn about their role as a nurturing mother and wife as dictated by commonly accepted Wahabi beliefs (AlMunajjed, 1997). Having differences in the curricula that are used is an outrageous disadvantage to the women trying to become equal to their male counterparts.Another hardship that women seeking an education in Saudi Arabia must face is that of transportation. Women are not allowed to drive and living at their university, away from their male guardian is often strongly discouraged by family (Rawaf & Simmons, 1991). This can cause a tremendous barrier between women and higher education. Therefore, although girls are required to complete some level of education and are able to attend post-secondary institutions, they are not receiving the same quality of education as boys and they have limitations in post-secondary as well.Katy Watson (2012), a reporter for BBC News, found that: Despite the fact that it [the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia] spends heavily on educating both men and women – 60% of those who graduate from Saudi's universities are female – only 17% of women are actually in the job market. That compares with 75% of men. There are many reasons why this may be true, but the lack of equal education does not help the situation. Saudi Arabians must modernize their view on women.The discriminatory laws, chauvinistic familial structure, and corrupt education systems are unacceptable, especially in the world today. By having men and women equals, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will have a significantly improved human rights rating. Steps toward equality within the country would also help Saudi’s relationship with other countries. Thus, the elimination (or near elimination) of sexism towards women in Saudi Arabia would ultimately help with world peace.

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